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THE AGREEMENT OF THE
OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT
A Sermon,
Preached at a Wednesday’s Evening Lecture,
in
GREAT EAST-CHEAP, Mar. 24, 1756.
Acts 26: 22, 23.
Having therefore obtained help of God, I continue unto this day, witnessing both to small and great; saying none other things than those which the prophets and Moses did say should come: that Christ should suffer, and that he should be the first that should rise from the dead, and should shew light unto the people, and to the Gentiles.
This Lecture,
which I am now about to take my leave of, was set up in the year l729, between six and
seven and twenty years ago. I opened it with a discourse or two on the words of the
Psalmist, in Psalm 71:16, I will go in the strength of the Lord God; I will make
mention of thy righteousness, even of thine only: My view in the choice of
those words was, partly to observe that I undertook the service of the Lecture, and
engaged in this work, not in my own strength, but in the strength of Christ, hoping for
and expecting the aid and assistance of his Spirit and grace; and partly to shew that my
intentions and resolutions were to preach that great and glorious doctrine of a
sinner’s free justification before God, by the righteousness of Christ imputed to
him, with all others that are analogous to it, or in connection with it; which Luther rightly
called articulus stantis vel cadentis ecclesi? "the article of the church
standing or falling, or that by which it stands or falls;" for as that doctrine is
received or rejected, the church of Christ in all ages and periods of time flourishes or
declines. And through the grace of God I have been enabled to abide by these resolutions
throughout my concern in this Lecture; and now I close it with a discourse on the words
read, having therefore obtained help of God, &c., which are part of an
apology or defence, which the apostle Paul made for himself in a very numerous
assembly; at the head of which were very great personages, as Agrippa king of thc
Jews, Bernice his sister, Festus the Roman governor, with the chief
captains, and principal men of the city of Cesarea, and all in open court; which
verified what our Lord had foretold to his disciples, saying, ye shall be brought
before kings and governors for my sake (Matt. 10:10). The apostle being
permitted to speak for himself, addressed the king in a very polite manner, and gave an
account of himself from his youth upwards; "how that he was brought up in the
strictest sect of the Jewish religion, a Pharisee; trained up in the belief and hope of
the promised Messiah, and of the resurrection of the dead; and possessed with prejudices
against Jesus of Nazareth and his followers, against whom he was exceeding mad, and
persecuted them to strange cities; and how that in the midst of his career of rage and
fury against them, it pleased the Lord to meet with him, and convert him," And then
he relates the manner of his conversion; "how an amazing light surrounded him and
struck him, and those that were with him, to the ground; that he heard a voice speaking to
him by name, and what answer he returned to it; when he was not only effectually called by
grace, but the Lord Jesus Christ personally appeared to him, and made him a minister of
the everlasting gospel; promised him protection and deliverance from all people, Jews and
Gentiles, to whom he should send him; and pointed out the ends and usefulness of his
ministration; to open the eyes of men, to turn them from darkness to light, and
from the power of Satan unto God; that they may receive forgiveness of sins, and an
inheritance among them which are sanctified by faith that is in Christ:" upon
which he observes to Agrippa, that he was not disobedient to the heavenly
vision; but immediately preached the doctrines of faith, repentance and good works at Damascus;
the place where he then was, and at Jerusalem, and through all the land of Judea,
and then among the Gentiles; and these were the only causes and reasons of the rage of
the Jews against him, and which moved them to seek to take away his life time after time:
but notwithstanding, the Lord preserved him for much and long usefulness in the ministry
of the gospel; which be takes notice of in the words before us, having therefore
obtained help of God, &c. In which may be observed,
First, That the apostle ascribes his continuance in life,
and in the ministry of the word, to the help that he had obtained of God,
which help,
Designs the care of divine providence exercised towards him in a
special way and manner. The providence of God is common to all his creatures; it is owing
to that, the souls of men are upheld in life; and as life itself is a grant and favour
from the Lord, so it is his providential visitation that preserves the spirits of men. In
him all live, and move, and have their being (Ps. 66:9; Job 10:12; Acts 17:28), they
not only have it from him, but they are supported in it by him; and there is a special
providence which superintends the people of God; though he is the Saviour of all men, yet
more especially of those that believe (1 Tim. 4:10); and particularly ministers of
the gospel are in a remarkable manner preserved by the Lord; he holds these stars
in his right hand (Rev. 2:1); they are his peculiar care and charge, and he continues
their useful lives for much service in his church. This was the happy case of our apostle.
It takes in, and has a particular respect unto, the deliverance
of him from dangers to which he was exposed, and which Christ promised him, verse 17,
and he here acknowledges was made good unto him. As soon as he became a convert, and a
preacher of the gospel, the Jews laid in wait for him to take away his life; insomuch that
the disciples were obliged to let him down in a basket by the wall of the city of Damascus,
to make his escape; at another time they found him in the temple, and fell upon him,
and beat him unmercifully, and would have destroyed him, had not the chief captain of a
Roman band ran to his relief: and after this, forty of them bound themselves under a
curse, not to eat or drink until they had killed him; besides many perils of life was he
in among the Gentiles, as at Lystra, Iconium, and other places (Acts 9:24, 25;
14:19; 21:32, 33; 23:12, 13); but he obtained help of the Lord against all his enemies,
and deliverance from all dangers; and continued a faithful dispenser of the word, and
stood his ground, through all difficulties, and in spite of all opposition.
This includes all that help and assistance which he received from
the Lord in preaching the gospel; for notwithstanding his natural and acquired abilities,
and the ordinary and extraordinary gifts of the spirit bestowed on him, yet he was
conscious of his own weakness and inability in himself to perform such service; and
therefore asks (2 Cor. 2:16), who is sufficient for these things? He knew he
was not of himself, and that the grace of Christ alone was sufficient for him; that it was
his strength which was made perfect in his weakness; that it was through Christ
strengthening him he did all those wonderful things he did; that though he laboured more
abundantly than any of the apostles, yet it was not he, but the grace of
God which was with him (1 Cor. 15:10; 2 Cor. 12:9; Phil. 4:13); by which he was what
he was, as a minister, and had what he had as such, and did what he did under that
character; and by which he was enabled to preach the gospel so frequently, so constantly,
so fully, and in so many places, from Jerusalem round about to Illyricum.
Secondly, The apostle expresses the nature of the work
he was engaged and continued in, by witnessing; it was a testifying of the
gospel of the grace of God (Acts 20:24); bearing witness to the truth of it, to the
grace of God in it; his free favour in choosing men to salvation, in providing and sending
Christ to be the Saviour of them, and in the whole of their salvation by him: it was a
giving testimony to Christ, to his person, office and grace; hence the gospel is called, the
testimony of our Lord (2 Tim. 1:8): the apostles of Christ were made and appointed to
be his witnesses, to testify of his incarnation, works, sufferings, death, resurrection
from the dead, ascension to heaven, and of all things they had heard, and seen, and knew
concerning him; and so was the apostle Paul, verse 17, and all ministers of the
gospel are witnesses, who prophesy, though in sackcloth, and will do so to the end of the
reign of antichrist.
Thirdly, The persons to whom he witnessed, he says, were small
and great; having, no doubt, a special regard to the audience he was now addressing,
consisting of great personages, as before observed, and of a multitude of the common
people; he bore witness to the truths of Christ and his gospel, to all sorts of men, of
every age, rank and condition of life, high and low, rich and poor; and of every
character, wise and unwise; his commission being the same with the rest of the apostles,
reached to all; go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature (Mark
16:15).
Fourthly, The subject-matter of the apostle’s
ministry is signified; 1st, More generally, as what agreed with the doctrine of the Old
Testament, with Moses and the prophets: 2dly, More particularly, as it respected,
in agreement with them, the sufferings and resurrection of Christ, and his being a
light to Jews and Gentiles. And on these two things I shall a little enlarge.
What the apostle chiefly insisted upon in his ministry in
general, was the same with what Moses and the prophets had spoken of; saying
none other things than those which the prophets and Moses did say should come, or should
be: as he agreed with them in the following things, which are particularly respected,
so in every thing they said there is an entire harmony and consent between the prophets of
the Old, and the apostles of the New Testament; and especially in every thing concerning
Christ: they agreed in. laying him as the foundation of the church and people of God, and
of their faith, hope and happiness; hence he is called (Eph. 2:20), the foundation of
the apostles and prophets. The Old and New Testaments are like the cherubim over the
mercy seat, which were exactly of the same form and size; their faces were to each other,
and both to the mercy seat, a type of Christ; as the cherubim were of the ministers of the
word, the prophets of the Old, and the apostles of the New Testament. These two parts of
the sacred scripture are the church’s two breasts, which are like two young
roes that are twins (Cant. 4:5); that are in every thing, in nature, color and
proportion like to each other. Our Lord and his apostles appealed to the writings of Moses
and the prophets, for the truth of what they delivered; they fetched quotations from
them to support their doctrines by; and these are said by them to be able to make men
wise unto salvation; and to be profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for
correction, and for instruction in righteousness; and to make the man of God
thoroughly furnished unto all good works (2 Tim. 3:15-17): there is not a doctrine of
the gospel, but what may be established and confirmed by these sacred books. And this will
soon and easily appear by a short detail of some of the principal and peculiar doctrines
of it. As,
The doctrine concerning the divine Being, and the persons in the
Godhead. One branch of which is, that there is but one God. This is the voice of reason
and revelation, the language of the Bible, of both Testaments, old and new. Our Lord
frequently suggests this truth, and so do his apostles; and the apostle Paul particularly,
in the name of the rest, and indeed of all Christians, says to us there is but one God (Matt.
19:17; Mark 12:29, 32; John 17:3; 1 Cor. 8:6; 1 Tim. 2:5); and this is what Moses said,
hear O Israel, the Lord our God is one Lord (Deut. 6:4): the prophets say the same,
and the Lord by them; before me there was no God formed, neither shall there be after
me—is there a God beside me? yea there is no God, I know not any (Isa. 43:10;
44:8), all which is said in opposition to the polytheism of the heathens, but not to the
exclusion of any of the divine persons in the Godhead; for another branch of this doctrine
is, that there is a plurality of persons in God, and that these are neither more nor fewer
than three; for as the apostle John says, There are three that bear record in
heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost, and these three are one (1 John
5:7); and which agrees with the doctrine of Christ, as appears by his appointing the
ordinance of baptism to be administered, in the name of the Father, and of the
Son, and of the Holy Ghost (Matt.28:19); which three divine persons appeared at the
baptism of Christ; there was the Son of God in human nature submitting to that
ordinance; and there was the voice of the Father from heaven, declaring, that this was
his beloved Son, in whom he was well pleased; and there was the Holy Spirit,
which descended as a dove upon Christ (Matt. 3:16-17); hence the ancients used to
say, "Go to Jordan and learn the doctrine of the Trinity:" and this is no
other than what is to be found in the writings of Moses and the prophets. Moses plainly
intimates a plurality of persons in the Deity, which he represents God as saying, Let
us make man in our image, after our likeness:—Let us go down and there confound their
language (Gen.1:26;11:7); and his account of the creation, plainly suggests there were
three, and no more. God, the first person, the Father, made the heavens and the
earth; and God the Word, the essential Word, the second person, said, Let
there be light, and there was light; and the Spirit of God, or the Spirit of
the Messiah, as the Jews call him, the third person, moved upon the face of the waters (Gen.1:1,
2, 3), and brought the dark and unformed chaos in a beautiful order. All which is
summarily comprehended in the words of the Psalmist; by the Word, the essential
Word of the Lord, of Jehovah the Father, were the heavens made; and all the host
of them, by the breath or spirit of his mouth (Ps. 33:6). And the
prophets all agree in, and bear testimony to this truth not to mention any other than
those words in Isaiah, and now the Lord God and his Spirit hath sent me (Isa.
48:16); here are Jehovah and his Spirit spoken of, as concerned in the mission of Christ
into this world. Another branch of this doctrine is, that each of the divine persons is
God; not to say any thing of the Father, the first person, about whom there is no
question; the second person, the Son of God, is expressly called by the apostle John, the
last of the apostles, with whom the rest agree, the true God and eternal life (1
John 5:20); and this doctrine clearly appears in the writings of the Old Testament, for
to the Son, he saith, Thy throne, 0 God, is for ever and ever (Psa. 45:6); and
he that is promised as the child that should be born, and the Son given, is named the
mighty God (Isa.9:6); he who is prophesied of as the Saviour of lost sinners,
is called their God, your God will come and save you (Isa. 35:4); he that is spoken
of that should be incarnate and become man, is said to be not a mere man, but the man,
Jehovah’s fellow (Zech.13:7); his equal, who thought it no robbery to be equal
with God. And as for the blessed Spirit, who, in the New Testament, is called the
Lord the Spirit; and lying to him is represented as lying to God (2 Cor. 3:18; Acts
5:3, 4); so in the Old Testament such things are ascribed to him, as clearly shew him to
be a divine person such as, his concern in the creation of all things; his bringing the
earth into proper form and order, by moving on the face of the waters; garnishing the
heavens, and bespangling them with stars; making man, and giving him life and
understanding (Gen. 1:2; Job 26:13; 32:8; 33:4).
The doctrine respecting the person and offices of Christ, is the
same in both testaments. Is he called in the New Testament the Son of God? is the doctrine
of his divine Sonship written as with a sunbeam, in the books of it? is he owned to be the
Son of God, by angels and men, good and bad, as well as declared to be so by his Father
himself? is this an article of the apostles creed, in which they all unite, saying (John
6:6, 29), We believe and are sure that thou art Christ the Son of the living God?
not by office, but by nature; for this is not a term of office, but of relation. The
writings of the Old Testament agree herein, in which the second person is often called the
Son of God. Daniel knew him as such, and had instilled such a sentiment of him into
the mind of Nebuchadnezzar, an heathen monareh; or otherwise, how could he have
said (Dan. 3:25), that the form of the fourth person, in the fiery furnace, is
like the Son of God? Solomon, long before him, under the name of Agur,
says (Prov. 30:4) of God, and his divine Word, What is his name, and what is his
Son’s name, if thou canst tell? And David his father, before him,
introduces the second person, as declaring what his divine Father had said unto him; The
Lord bath said Unto me, Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee: hence David
exhorts the kings and judges of the earth to kiss this Son of God; that is, to
serve, worship, and obey him; who appeals to be a divine person, by his being a proper
object of trust and confidence; blessed are all they that put their trust in him (Ps.2:7,
12).
Do the writings of the New Testament speak of Christ as God and
man in one person, this being the great mystery of godliness, God manifest in the flesh
(1 Tim. 3:16)? The writings of the Old Testament speak of him also in both natures as
meeting in him: when they represent him as a child to be born, they declare
him to be the mighty God and everlasting Father; and when they intimate he should
be a branch of David’s family, they give him the name of Jehovah our
righteousness; and when they speak of him as a man, they call him Jehovah’s
fellow Isa.9:6; Jer.23:5, 6; Zech.13:7). Is he in the New Testament
said (1 Tim. 2:5) "to be the mediator between God and men?" the writers
of the Old Testament speak of him as drawing near to God, engaging his heart to approach
unto him; as becoming the surety of his people; as being the days-man that lays his hands
on both; as signified by Jacob’s ladder, which reached from earth to heaven,
and united both; as the mercy seat, from off of which the Lord communes with his saints;
and as the Angel of God’s presence, who appears for his people in it, and
introduces them into it (Jer. 30:21; Job 9:32; Gen. 28:12; Ex. 25:22; Isa. 63:9). Do the
apostles of Christ make mention of him as invested with the offices of prophet, priest,
and king? This is no other than what Moses and the prophets said should be. Moses
foretells that God would raise up a prophet like unto him out of the children
of Israel, whom they should hearken to (Deut. 18:15); and David says
of the Messiah, that he was by the constitution and oath of God, a priest after the
order of Melchizedek (Ps. 110:4); and other prophets signify that he should make
his soul an offering for sin, and make intercession for transgressors (Isa.
53:10, 12); which are the two parts of his priestly office: and there is no need to say,
that he is often promised and prophesied of as a king that should come, it is so
notorious; Rejoice, 0 daughter of Zion,—thy king cometh unto thee (Zech. 9:9).
The several peculiar doctrines of special and distinguishing
grace are to be observed in the writings of the Old Testament, as well as of the New. As
for instance, the doctrine of eternal, personal election is it a truth of the New
Testament, that some men are chosen in Christ their head before the foundation of the
world, to be holy and happy? It is suggested in the Old, that Christ is God’s, first
and chief elect, in whom his soul delighteth, and is chosen by him out of
the people; and has a people chosen by the Lord for his peculiar treasure and
inheritance (Isa. 42:1; Ps. 89:19; 135:4); for himself, or his glory, to enjoy everlasting
communion with him. Know that the Lord hath set apart, in a most wonderful and
gracious manner, him that is godly; him to whom God is good and gracious, and who
is the object of his free grace and favour, as the word signifies; for himself, his
service and honour. The same writings declare, that God has made with Christ, with David,
his chosen, an everlasting covenant; that Christ is set up from everlasting as
mediator of it; that his goings forth in it were of old, from everlasting; that
he is the messenger of it, yea the covenant itself; that all the blessings
and promises of it belong to him, and are therefore called the sure mercies of David (Ps.89:3;
2 Sam. 23:5; Prov. 8:22; Micah 5:2; Mal. 3:1; Isa. 42:6; 55:3); which are all absolute and
unconditional, and are all confirmed and established by the blood of Christ, said to be the
blood of the covenant (Zech. 9:11; Heb. 13:20), in one Testament, as in the other. The
doctrine of particular redemption is held forth in both, and appears alike, the person of
the redeemer is the same, that should come to, and out of Zion: the redeemed are
the spiritual and mystical Jacob and Israel; the things they are redeemed
from, are all their sins, Satan that is stronger than they, and death and hell they
deserve (Isa. 59:20; 43:1; Ps. 130:7; Jer. 31:11). The doctrine of justification, our
apostle so much insisted upon in his ministry and writings, is clearly expressed by the
prophets; from whence it appears that it is God that justifies Christ the head, and all
his people in him; that it is in, and by him, that all the seed of Israel
are justified and glorified; and it is in him they have their justifying
righteousness, which is called an everlasting one; and hence he is called the Lord their
righteousness (Isa.50:8; 45:24, 25; Dan. 9:24; Jer. 23:6). The doctrine of
pardon of sin, which is an evangelical one, and of pure revelation, is spoken of by Moses
and the prophets, as by Christ; for to him give all the prophets witness, that
through his name whosoever believeth in him shall receive remission of sins (Acts
10:43), and by them it appears that there is forgiveness with God; and that it is
of all sins, and is an act of God’s free grace and mercy, and peculiarly his;
and who, before the face of Moses, proclaimed his name, a God gracious and
merciful, pardoning inequity, transgression and sin (Ps. 130:4; 103:3; Isa. 43:25; Ex.
34:6, 7). And the agreement of other doctrines of the New Testament with the Old, may
easily be observed, as being no other than what is there asserted; as that conversion is
not by might or power of man, but by the Spirit of the Lord (Zech. 4:6); and
that they that have the true grace of God shall persevere to the end; shall go from
strength to strength, grow stronger and stronger, and hold on their way;
and that the fear of God being put into their hearts, they shall never depart from him
(Ps. 84:7; Job 17:9; Jer. 32:40); and that there will be a resurrection of the dead, and a
future judgment; that those that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to
everlasting life, and some to everlasting shame and contempt (Dan. 12:2); and that God
will judge the righteous and the wicked, and bring every work into judgment, good
or evil, open or secret (Eccl. 3:17; 12:14).
II. The particular things here observed, in the
ministration of which the apostle agreed with Moses and the prophets, are such as
respect the sufferings and resurrection of Christ, and his being a light to Jews and
Gentiles; that Christ should suffer, and that he should be the first that should
rise from the dead, and shew light to the people and to the Gentiles.
1st, That Christ should suffer; a suffering Christ
is the principal subject of the gospel-ministry. The apostles preached Christ
crucified, as having suffered the death of the cross in the room and stead of, and for
the sake of men; and the apostle Paul determined to know, that is, to make known none
but Christ, and him crucified, as the only Saviour of men. This was the first and
principal thing of all which he delivered wherever he came, that Christ died for our
sins according to the scriptures (1 Cor. 1:23; 2:2; 15:3). The person said to
suffer, is Christ; not the Father, as some, called Patri-passians from thence, are
said to hold; they, as the Sabellians, asserting there is but one person in the Godhead;
but of the Father our Lord says, ye have neither heard his voice at any time, nor seen
his shape (John 5:37). He never assumed a nature capable of suffering; nor the
Holy Spirit neither; he formed, prepared, and adorned the human nature of Christ, and Christ
through the eternal Spirit offered himself to God (Heb. 9:14); but the Spirit suffered
not; it was the Son of God that became incarnate, and appeared in the likeness of
sinful flesh; and whom God spared not, but delivered up into the hands of justice and
death for us all (Rom. 8:3, 32): it was not indeed in his divine nature, as the Son of
God, he suffered, for that is impossible; but in the human nature he assumed, which he
took on purpose, that he might have something to offer; as it was necessary he should,
that he might be put to death, in the flesh, and be crucified through weakness (1
Pet. 3:18; 2 Cor. 13:4): and yet his sufferings are ascribed to his whole person, and even
as that is denominated from his divine nature; just as what belongs to his divine nature
is predicated of his person, as denominated from his human nature; for instance, his
omnipresence, which is an attribute of Deity, is ascribed to Christ, denominated the Son
of man; and no man bath ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from heaven, even
the Son of man which is in heaven (John 3:13): and so, on the other hand, the
sufferings of Christ, which are peculiar to his human nature, are spoken of his person, as
described from his divine nature; as when it is said, they would not have crucified the
Lord of glory, and God purchased the church with his own blood (1
Cor.2:8; Acts 20:28): this is owing to that strict, close, hypostatical, or
personal union there is of the two natures in the Son of God; and hence is the efficacy of
the blood, righteousness and sacrifice of Christ: his blood cleanseth from all (1
John 1:7), because it is the blood of him who is the Son of God; and his righteousness
justifies from all sin, because it is the righteousness of God, of him who is God as well
as man; and his sacrifice expiates all sin, and is a sufficient atonement for it, because
it is the sacrifice of himself. Should it be asked, what it was that Christ suffered? The
answer is, That he suffered in his name, credit, and reputation, which he willingly
submitted to, and therefore is said to have made himself of no reputation (Phil.
2:8); he was content to be reckoned a worm, and no man (Ps. 22:6); he was traduced
as a sinful man, as a seditious person, as having a devil, and doing his miracles by his
help and assistance. He suffered in his body, being beat and bruised, buffeted and
scourged, pierced in his hands and feet with nails, in his side with a spear, and in his
head with thorns; he suffered the painful, shameful and accursed death of the cross: he
suffered in his soul, partly by the temptations of Satan, for he suffered being tempted
(Heb. 2:18): and partly by enduring the wrath of God in the room and stead of his
people; in the garden, when his soul became exceeding sorrowful even unto death (Matt.
26:38); and upon the cross, when his God and Father forsook him, and he cried out in the
agony of his spirit, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me (Matt. 27:46)? his
soul, as well as his body, was offered, and became a sacrifice for sin. And all this he
endured, not on his own account; he was cut off in a judicial way, by the hand of
divine justice, but not for himself (Dan. 11:26), not for any sin of his; he knew
none, nor did any; but, he was wounded for our transgressions, and bruised for our
iniquities; it was for the transgression of his people that he was stricken (Isa.
53:6, 8), smitten and afflicted of God; not for angels, and any sins of theirs, whose
nature he did not assume, nor are they spared and saved; but for men, sinful men, the
worst of men, the chief of sinners he suffered, the just for the unjust (1 Pet.
3:18); not for all the individuals of mankind; for his redeemed ones are redeemed from
among men, and out of every kindred, tongue, people, and nation (Rev.14:4;
5:9); they are a people Christ suffered for, his sheep he laid down his
life for, the church he gave himself an offering and a sacrifice for unto
God, of a sweet-smelling savour (Titus 2:14; John 10:15; Eph. 5:2, 25): and his ends
in all his sufferings were to make peace with God for them, which is done by the blood of
his cross; to procure the pardon of all their sins, which is obtained the same way;
and to redeem them from all iniquity; which redemption is also through his blood; and to
deliver them out of the hands of all their enemies, and particularly from him who had the
power of death, the devil; and to bring many sons to glory, for which it was necessary the
captain of their salvation should be made perfect through suffering. For there was an
absolute necessity of them; Ought not Christ to have suffered these things (Luke
24:26)? He must; partly on the account of God, his counsels and decrees, his promises and
prophecies. God resolved on saving sinners by Christ; he appointed him to be his
salvation; he determined he should suffer and die and he was given up to men, by the
determinate counsel of God, who did to him "none other things than what his hand and
counsel determined before should be done;" and to fulfill the decrees of God, it was
necessary Christ should suffer for his council shall stand (Isa. 46:10); as well as
to make good the many promises and prophecies concerning this matter, delivered out by the
mouth of his holy prophets; and had he not suffered, how then could the
scriptures be fulfilled that thus it must be (Matt. 26:54)? And partly on account of
Christ himself, his covenant-engagements, to do this part of his Father’s will, and
the several predictions he himself gave out, that he should suffer many things of the
scribes and Pharisees, and die and rise again. As also on the account of the Lord’s
people, who otherwise could not be saved for here was a law broken, which must be
fulfilled; not only its precepts obeyed, but its penalty, which was death, must be
endured; injured and affronted justice to be satisfied, which could only be done by the
sinner, or surety for him, suffering the demerit of sin; there was no other way of saving
sinners but by the sufferings of Christ; consistent with the purposes of God, his counsel
and covenant; with the engagements of Christ, and the happiness of the Lord’s people,
these sufferings could not be avoided: it was not possible the cup should pass from him;
could any other way have been found out, or these sufferings excused, that prayer of our
Lord would have (Matt. 26:39) procured it.
Now all these sufferings of Christ were no other than what were
foretold by Moses and the prophets. The first promise or hint of a Messiah,
suggests, that he would be a suffering one, Thou shalt bruise his heel (Gen. 3:15);
and all the prophets speak of him as subject to reproach and trouble, to pains and
sorrows, to distress of every kind, and death itself. Read over the 22nd Psalm, and
the 53rd chapter of Isaiah, and it will be abundantly evident from
thence, and other passages, how the prophets testified beforehand the sufferings of
Christ, and the glory that should follow (1 Pet. 1:11): these show that he would be a man
of sorrows and acquainted with griefs; that he would be wounded, bruised,
give his back to the smiters, and his checks to them that plucked off the hair;
that he would be brought to the dust of death, and his soul be poured out unto death; and
that he should be buried, and make his grave with the wicked, and with the rich in his
death. Yea, the several circumstances of his sufferings and death are most minutely
and exactly foretold in the writings of the prophets; as that he should be betrayed by one
of his disciples, one that ate bread with him should lift up his heel against him (Ps.
41:9); that he should be sold for thirty pieces of silver, the price of a servant
(Zech 11:12, 13; 13:7); the goodly price he was prized at by them; that he should be
deserted by all the disciples, when he should be seized and smitten; that he should be
crucified between two thieves, or numbered among the transgressors (Isa. 53:12); that the
soldiers should part his garments, and cast lots on his vesture; that they should
give him gall for his meat, and vinegar for his drink, and that his side should be
pierced with a spear.
2dly, Another particular in which the apostle agreed with Moses
and the prophets, is, that Christ should be the first of the resurrection of the
dead, or should rise first from thence: that he is risen is certain, not only from the
testimony of the women who first came to his sepulchre, and to whom he first appeared; but
from the testimony of his disciples and others: of these, he was first seen of Cephas
or Peter, then of the twelve, after that of above five hundred brethren at once; next
of James, then of all the apostles; and even after his ascension he was seen by Stephen
standing on the right hand of God; and last of all by our apostle, as here declared in
the context, as one born out of due time (1 Cor. 15:6-8; Acts 7:55). Now
the apostles of our Lord were chosen witnesses of God for this purpose (Acts
10:41), and were men of unquestionable characters; they were thoroughly acquainted with
Christ, and could not be imposed upon nor were they over-credulous; nay they were
incredulous to a fault, and in this very case; they believed not the first report of it
from the women, and the two disciples that traveled with Jesus to Emmaus; and
therefore Christ at his first appearance to them upbraided them with their unbelief, because
they believed not them which had seen him after he was risen (Mark 16:11, 13, 14): and
they had all the opportunities and advantages of satisfying themselves in this matter they
could wish for; he shewed himself alive to them by in fallible proofs (Acts
1:3); he was seen of them for the space of forty days, during which time they frequently
ate, and drank, and conversed with him; and they were men of probity and honesty, and had
no sinister ends, nor worldly views to answer by making such a report; but were sure to
meet with reproach and disgrace, with rage and persecution, and with death itself in every
shape wherever they came with it: nay, the resurrection of Christ is further confirmed by
the testimonies of angels, who declared at the grave, that he was not there, but
was risen (Luke 24:6); and not they, and men only, were witnesses of this, but the
Holy Ghost also, by signs and wonders of his attending the declaration of it (Acts 5:31,
32). Moreover, not only Christ was to rise from the dead, but he was to rise first, as
he did; for though there were others that rose before him, as to time, as the son of the
widow of Sarepta, who was raised by Elijah, and the Shunamite’s son
by Elisha, and the daughter of Jairus, and the son of the widow of Nain, and
Lazarus, by our Lord; yet these were raised, not by their own power, but by
the power of another: whereas Christ was raised by his own power, and so declared to be
the Son of God: they rose to die again, but he rose to an immortal life, never to die
more; he was the first to whom God, in this sense, shewed the path of life (Ps.
16:11); for though he was dead he is alive, and lives for evermore, and has the
keys of hell and death (Rev. 1:18): likewise, he was the first in dignity that rose
from the dead; be who is the first-born among main, brethren, is the first-begotten
from the dead; he rose not as a private person, but as the head of the body, the
church, as the representative of all his people, and they were raised up together with
him (Col. 1:18; Eph. 2:6); also he is the first in causality; he is the first cause of the
resurrection; as by man came death, by man came also the resurrection of the
dead. It is by virtue of his power, and in consequence of union with him, the saints
will rise; he is the first-fruits of them that sleep (1 Cor. 15:20, 21, 23); the
earnest and pledge of their resurrection; as sure as his dead body is raised, so
sure shall theirs; his glorious body, raised, is the exemplar and pattern,
according to which the bodies of the saints will be fashioned in the
resurrection-morn and it will be owing to his voice, and to the exertion of his
almighty power, that the graves will be opened, and the dead will come forth and appear
before him (Isa. 26:9; Phil. 3:21; John 5:28, 29).
Now this is a very principal doctrine of the gospel, and of great
moment and importance; on this the proof of’ Jesus’ being the true Messiah,
greatly depends; this is the sign he chose to give to the adulterous and unbelieving
generation of the Jews, when they required one of him, saying (Matt. 12:39), there
shall no sign be given it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas; his lying three
days and three nights in the whale’s belly, a type of Christ’s resurrection from
the dead on the third day. This doctrine is of so much consequence, that were it not true,
the whole of Christianity, the doctrine and preaching of it, the faith and hope of
Christians would be affected with it, yea, be all vain (1 Cor. 15:14) and
worthless. The resurrection of Christ has a very great concern in the justification of
men; for he was raised again for our justification (Rom. 4:25); and it has an
influence on their regeneration, to which it is sometimes ascribed; and Kith may be
designed by the power of his resurrection (1 Pet. 1:3; Phil. 3:10), as well as the
resurrection of his people at the last day, which depends upon it. And the whole of this
doctrine is no other than what Moses and the prophets said should be; it is
perfectly agreeable to the writings of the Old Testament; it was hinted at in the types,
of Isaac being received from the dead as in a figure by his father, after he had
given him up for dead for three days; and of Jonas being delivered from the belly
of the whale, after he had lain in it three days and three nights; it was foretold by David,
Isaiah, and Hosea particularly; who declare he should not see corruption in the
grave, that his dead body should arise, and he, and his people with him, should be
quickened after two days (Ps.16:10; Isa. 26:19; Hos. 6:2).
3dly and lastly, Another thing the apostle had asserted,
which Moses and the prophets had done before him, was, that Christ would be a light
to Jews and Gentiles; or would shew light unto the people, and to the Gentiles; first
to the people of the Jews, and then to the nations of the world.
To the Jews. Christ was first sent to them, even to the lost
sheep of the house of Israel (Matt. 15:24); and to them only; he was the minister
of the circumcision (Rom. 15:8), or of the circumcised Jews, to fulfill to them what
God had promised and foretold: and though they received him not, but rejected him, he sent
his apostles to them first, and charged them not to go into the way of the Gentiles, or
into any of the cities of the Samaritans; and when their commission was enlarged after his
resurrection, they were ordered to begin their ministry at Jerusalem (Matt. 10:6,
7; Luke 24:47). Now these people, notwithstanding they had the law and statutes of God,
his word and ordinances, and the divine oracles committed to them, yet were in great
darkness, and had no true understanding of them; in those times there was a veil over
their minds in reading the books of the Old Testament concerning Christ, and the things of
the gospel; they were blinded, and so were their leaders the scribes and Pharisees. Christ
came a light unto them, and the light of grace and truth came by him; and some through his
ministry, and that of his apostles, were spiritually and savingly enlightened.
To the Gentiles. These were in great darkness before the coming
of Christ; they were without a divine revelation, without any knowledge of God and Christ;
they were suffered to walk in their own ways of darkness, superstition, and idolatry;
their times before this were times of ignorance and blindness: but when Christ came, he
sent his apostles to them with the gospel to enlighten them; and they carried it
throughout the world; and by means of it, many were called and turned from gross darkness
to marvelous light. And now all this was agreeable to the writings of the Old Testament,
which represent Christ as the sun of righteousness; as that great light which
should arise and shine on the Galilean Jews, that sat in darkness, and in the shadow of
death, and should also be a light of the Gentiles (Mal. 4:2; Isa. 9:2; 42:6);
and so good old Simeon understood the prophecies concerning him, that he should be a
light to lighten the Gentiles, and the glory of the people of Israel (Luke 2:32).
The use of all this is, a wonderful confirmation of divine
revelation, of the truth of Christianity, and of Jesus being the true Messiah; for since
the various things foretold in the Old Testament by Moses and the prophets, at
sundry times and in divers manners, appear to be fulfilled in the New, this proves the
revelation to be of God; that Christianity stands upon a sure foundation, and that Jesus
of Nazareth is the Christ promised and prophesied of from the beginning of the
world. And this may serve to recommend the writings of the Old Testament to the reading
and perusal of men; since they testify of Christ so clearly, concerning his person,
office, and grace, and are so profitable for doctrine, and instruction in righteousness
(John 5:39; 2 Tim. 3:16): we have here also the plan of the gospel-ministry; that it
is a suffering, risen, and exalted Saviour, held forth as a light to Jews and Gentiles.
This was the plan of the ministry of the apostle Paul; and no man need be ashamed
to copy after such an example, who was the greatest preacher that ever was upon the earth,
excepting our Lord Jesus Christ.
And now, my friends, If call you to dear witness that these
truths, and what have been briefly suggested in this discourse, have been what I have
chiefly insisted upon in the course of this Lecture; namely, the doctrines of a Trinity of
persons in the Godhead; of the person and office of Christ; of the person and operations
of the Blessed Spirit; of special and distinguishing grace, as it appears in election,
redemption, justification, adoption, regeneration, sanctification, and the final
perseverance of the saints; with other doctrines which are in consequence of them, and in
connection with them. And now I, am about to take my leave of you, and this Lecture, and
do: not through any dislike of the work I have been so long engaged in; not through any
disgust at any thing I have met with; not through any discouragement for want of
attendance or subscription; I have nothing to complain of; the Lecture was never in better
circumstance than it now is. But I find my natural strength will not admit me to preach so
frequently, and with so much constancy, as I have done for many years past; being now on
the decline of life, in the fortieth year of my ministry; so that it is time for me
to have done with extra-service, I mean, service out of the church of which I am pastor.
But a more principal reason is, that I may have a little more time and leisure to attend
to, and finish an arduous work upon my hands,
An Exposition of the Whole Old Testament
Part of which work, I shall immediately propose for publication; and if I meet with encouragement, the publishing of this will be an additional weight upon me; and I have no other way of easing myself, but by dropping the Lecture; and these, and these only, are my reasons for so doing. And now as I would be, and am, thankful to the God of my life, who has given me so much health and strength, to carry on this Lecture for such a course of years, with very little interruption for want of health; so I would, and do return thanks to you, my friends, who have so long encouraged and supported me with your presence and purse; and I heartily wish and pray, that you may be preserved from the prevailing errors of the times, and may be kept stedfast in the faith of the gospel, and abide by the truths and ordinances of it; and that the means of grace you attend upon, in season, and out of season, here, or elsewhere, may he blessed unto you for your comfort and edification; and that you may grow in grace, and in the knowledge of Jesus Christ, and be made meet to be partakers of the inheritance of the saints of light.
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